Data Insights
Bite-sized insights on how the world is changing, published every few days.
Life ExpectancyOctober 10, 2025
Life expectancy in Africa is lower than on other continents
Where you are born and stay for much of your life is a strong predictor of how long you’re likely to live. The chart shows the differences in period life expectancy across continents.
Average life expectancy has converged to a fairly narrow band between 75 and 80 years in North America, Oceania, Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Africa stands out: its average life expectancy is 64 years, over a decade lower than any other region.
This gap reflects several overlapping factors: high rates of child and maternal deaths, a heavy burden of infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis, limited access to quality healthcare and infrastructure, and high levels of poverty.
Despite this, life expectancy in Africa has risen by almost two decades since 1974.
March 20, 2025
Women live longer than men, but how much longer varies widely around the world
In every country in the world, women live longer than men — but the size of this gap in life expectancy varies widely.
The difference is striking in some countries, like Russia and Ukraine, where women’s life expectancy is over 10 years longer. Their gaps have been wide due to higher death rates in young and middle-aged men — often due to alcohol use, smoking, and other risks. The war in Ukraine has widened this gap further, as men face high mortality from conflict.
The gap is much smaller in other countries, including in West Africa and South Asia. There are likely multiple reasons for this, including higher rates of maternal mortality and HIV among women. Just a few decades ago, Bangladesh and India had shorter female than male life expectancies due to higher rates of female infanticide and neglect in childhood, and the gap in lifespans in these countries is still relatively small.
Many factors affect life expectancy, and the sex gap in lifespans has varied widely across countries and over time.
You can read more in my article about why women live longer than men →
February 24, 2025
Women live longer than men in every country in the world
In every country in the world, women tend to live longer than men.
You can see this in the chart, which shows the average life expectancy of women on the vertical axis and the life expectancy of men on the horizontal axis, both for 2023. Each dot is one country.
As you can see, all countries lie above the middle line, which means that women's life expectancy was higher than men's.
There are various reasons why this gap in life expectancy exists, which my colleagues Saloni Dattani and Lucas Rodés-Guirao explain in their article. Typically, births are skewed in favor of males, with around 105 boys being born for every 100 girls. However, throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, mortality rates tend to be higher in males.
This data comes from the United Nations’ World Population Prospects.
February 04, 2025
Global average life expectancy has more than doubled since 1900
We can expect to live more than twice as long as our ancestors in 1900.
As the chart shows, global average life expectancy was just 32 years at the beginning of the 20th century.
This was a short life by today’s standards: in 2023, the average life expectancy had increased to 73 years. That’s 41 years longer.
This remarkable increase is due to improved living standards, like better nutrition and sanitation, and advances in healthcare, such as antibiotics and vaccines.
While large declines in child mortality have been crucial, they have not been the only reason for the increase in life expectancy; it has increased across all ages.
Read more in our article “Twice as long – life expectancy around the world” →
January 08, 2025
Life expectancy has continued to rise in the longest-lived countries
Record national life expectancies have been climbing for over a century.
In 1840, Swedish women had a life expectancy of 46 years — the highest of any country recorded that year. By 1921, Australia held the record at 63 years.
For most of the 20th century, Iceland, Norway, Australia, and Sweden competed for the top position before being overtaken by Japan in 1984. Hong Kong and Japan have held the records since then.
These countries didn’t merely catch up; they’ve continued to push the limits higher.
Japan added six more years to female life expectancy between 1984 and 2010, rising from 80 to 86 years.
This remarkable rise has resulted from many advances in medicine, public health, and living standards — breaking many predictions of the “limits” of life expectancy.
Read more in our article about the rise of maximum life expectancy →
October 28, 2024
Life expectancy is returning to pre-pandemic levels
Life expectancy at birth dropped significantly across the world in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
However, rates are now returning to pre-pandemic levels. The chart shows this rebound, based on the latest estimates from the UN’s World Population Prospects.
Global life expectancy in 2022 matched the 2019 figure at 72.6 years. And it increased again in 2023, to 73.2 years.
Explore more insights from the latest revision of the UN’s population statistics →
August 15, 2024
The sex gap in life expectancy has changed over time
Around the world, women tend to live longer than men.
However, the sex gap in life expectancy has changed over time, as this chart shows. The data comes from combining the WHO’s Human Mortality Database and the United Nations World Population Prospects.
As you can see, the sex gap in life expectancy — defined as female life expectancy minus male life expectancy — was around 3 years in the 19th century in countries like France and Sweden. It spiked during the two World Wars, as deaths surged among young men in combat.
But it also grew gradually over the 20th century to around 7 years.
One reason for this widening gap was the rise in tobacco smoking, especially among men. Smoking increases the risk of various cancers and heart disease and leads to premature death.
Since then, as smoking has declined, the sex gap in life expectancy has narrowed in many countries.
August 05, 2024
Death rates have declined across all ages
Infants, children, adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the past.
The chart shows death rates by age in France since the early 19th century, combining data from the Human Mortality Database and the United Nations World Population Prospects. Death rates have fallen in every age group.
When data collection began in 1816, around 1 in 5 babies in France died during infancy. Two centuries later, that figure was 1 in 274, a 50-fold reduction.
In 1816, around 1 in 20 people aged 65, died. In 2021, it was 1 in 106, a five-fold reduction.
These reductions mean that death continues to be delayed, and life expectancy continues to rise.
July 05, 2024
Life expectancy is lower in the United States than in other high-income countries
The world has seen big gains in life expectancy in recent decades, yet the United States increasingly lags behind peer countries.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the period life expectancy in the US was two years lower than the average for high-income countries, according to data from the UN World Population Prospects.
Healthcare spending as a share of GDP is much higher in the United States than in peer nations. This raises questions about equality in access to care, affordability, and the overall efficiency of the US healthcare system.
Other lifestyle and societal factors are also likely to play a role: the US, for example, has seen a surge in drug-related deaths in recent years as a result of the opioid crisis.
May 28, 2024
On average, people have lived much longer than the period life expectancy at their time of birth
The data on this chart comes from the Human Mortality Database.
It shows that in 1930, people in France had a period life expectancy of 57 years. Period life expectancy is a metric that summarizes age-specific mortality rates in one particular year. This means that newborns would live 57 years on average if they experienced the same death rates at each age of their lives as those seen at each age in the population that year.
However, these newborns actually faced lower death rates than previous generations and lived an average of 69 years. This second measure — the average lifespan of a birth cohort — is called cohort life expectancy. It can only be calculated once all cohort members have died.
Period life expectancy is the more commonly reported “life expectancy” measure. However, these two measures are very different, and the gap can be large, as this data shows.
Read more on the difference between period and cohort measures →
March 18, 2024
The modal age at death has been rising
The “modal age at death” is the most common age at which people in a population die. The modal age at death for women in Japan in 2021 was 93. In France, it was 92.
This metric helps us understand trends in longevity at older ages. Unlike life expectancy, it is not affected by infant or child mortality.
You can see that over time, the figure has been rising steadily. In France in 1970, the modal age at death was 84 years for women, but now it is 8 years higher.
Large gains in longevity have occurred even among the elderly.
Explore this data →
March 04, 2024
Differences in life expectancy across the world are extremely large
People in richer countries tend to live much longer than those in poorer countries.
We can see this in the cross-country life expectancy statistics shown on the chart. In Japan, life expectancy at birth is about 85 years, while in Chad and Nigeria, life expectancy is about 52 years — a gap of over three decades.